Overview of Conflicts of Interest Essay Example for Free

Overview of Conflicts of Interest EssayConfidentiality is also something that some volunteers of the Remedios support installation should also realise. Although many officers of this NGO advocate confidentiality, many of its volunteers could salve breach this ethical code, thus further isolating prospective clients. It is a well-known fact that the life of the first Filipino AIDS victim was do into a commercial movie, and had attracted thousands of audience making it seem like a carnival show.This is precisely the kind of stigma that HIV/AIDS victims is afraid of, and something that the Remedios AIDS Foundation and many other NGOs dealing with this disease is trying to work out. The Remedios AIDS Foundation is also faced with the dilemma on how to conduct look without exposing the patients to various risks (CIOMS 1993). As an NGO that do social and medical research, it has to ensure that HIV/AIDS patients must(prenominal) also benefit from its studies. It is unethical to expose subjects to the risks of act in a research study unless the design is sufficiently rigorous that the results forget be valid and generalizable (U.S. National Commission for the Protection of the Human Subjects of biomedical and Behavioral Research). Another critical ethical affection that must be dealt with accordingly by the Remedios AIDS Foundation is how to maintain objectivity in motion of emotional patients. Culturally speaking, the Filipino people tend to be emphatic of each others plights, thus it is not an isolated case to check volunteers who are emotionally affected by the conditions of HIV/AIDS patients. This eventually leads them to quit from their volunteer work and/or to be personally involved in their patients cases, which often clouds their critical judgment.Applications The best thing to do here is to implement an intensive and extensive information campaign on AIDS and the advantages of belonging to a core group that can emotionally and physically as sist the AIDS victims. Moreover, volunteers of the Remedios AIDS Foundation should also undergo intensive training and education on how to properly deal with HIV/AIDS patients. It must be noted that these patients are already wrapped in insecurity and treating them with slight uncertainty will yet decrease their self-confidence.To meet the ethical obligations for research, on the other hand, this NGO must conduct studies whose sample sizes must be adequate. Suitable study endpoints must also be selected. It must also ensure that clinical trials must undergo preliminary laboratory and animal research. It must always take into consideration that research with human participants raises ethical concerns because people accept risks and inconvenience to advance scientific knowledge and to benefit others (Lo 2000). Social researchers of this NGO must also learn how to use language that is not offensive to study participants.Conclusion As one of the NGOs at the forefront of combating HIV/A IDS in the Philippines, the Remedios AIDS Foundation is faced with many ethical dilemmas that it is trying to overcome one by one. Although it is difficult to do in this largely Catholic country where promiscuity is universe strongly detested and HIV/AIDS is being associated with promiscuity, it continues to embark on a rigorous warfare against HIV/AIDS in the country. Everything is an uphill difference of opinion because social norms and religiosity keep HIV/AIDS patients from coming forward in the open to seek for help.The NGO is looking for ways and means to cipher this problem without losing its focus. As the officers and volunteers of the Remedios AIDS Foundation are also mostly Catholics, they also have to be able to move around their religious beliefs in order to stop being discriminatory to HIV/AIDS patients. They also have to ensure that their researchers are well-trained to avoid offending study participants and this can only be done by conducting intensive trainings. L astly, objectivity should also be encouraged to avoid personal involvement in patients predicament.This last ethical disregard should be encouraged to avoid conflict of interest on the part of the NGO. In the end, the officers and volunteers of this NGO are cognizant of the fact that unless these ethical concerns are addressed, their iron against HIV/AIDS will never be successful.References Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS). (1993) International Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects. Geneva. de Bruyn, T. (1998) HIV/AIDS and diversity A Discussion Paper. Montreal Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network Canadian AIDS Society. Lo B.(2000) Overview of Conflicts of Interest. In Resolving Ethical Dilemmas A Guide for Clinicians. second ed. Philadelphia Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Reproductive Health Outlook. (1997) HIV/AIDS Key Issues. Retrieved May 30, 2006 from http//www. rho. org/html/hiv_aids_keyissues. html U. S. National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. (1978) The Belmont penning Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research. Washington, D. C. Dept. of Health, Education and Welfare. The Offical Website of the Remedios AIDS Foundation. (1991) http//www.remedios.com.ph/

Absorbance of light by a transition metal complex investigation Essay Example for Free

Absorbance of light by a passage admixture complex investigation EssayIntroductionCommonly known as transition metals, d block elements have partially filled d sublevels in one or more of their oxidation states. It is in the first haggling of transition elements that the 3d sub-level is incomplete. These d block elements show certain characteristic properties such as multiple oxidation states, ability to systema skeletale complex ions, dreary compounds and good catalytic properties. In terms of variable oxidation states, d block elements unremarkably have a +2 oxidation number which corresponds to the deviation of the two 4s electrons (as it is easier to lose the 4s electrons than the 3d electrons). Transition metals can have variable oxidation states because the ionization energies allow for up to two 3d electrons to be lost.Because transition metals are relatively small in size, the transition metal ions attract species that are rich in electrons ligands (neutral molec ules or negative ions that contain non-bonding pair of electrons which when covalently bonded with and form complex ions. Because the d orbitals usually split up into two groups (high and low) in transition metal complex ions, the energy requi bolshy to promote a d electron into the higher split level corresponds with a particular wavelength in the visible region, which is absorbed when light passes through the complex ion. Transition metal usually consequently exhibits the remaining energy/light the complementary colour.In this investigation, the different absorbance of these coloured solutions go away be canvassd by varying the number of moles of the transition metal in the solution. According to the Beer-Lambert law, absorbance is directly proportional to the compactness and that there is a logarithmic dependence between the absorbance and the concentration of the substance, this descent is as shown in realize 1 and 2.In the graph representation of the Beer-Lambert law, t he logarithmic relationship can evidently be seen as the concentration of the solution increases, the calibration curve flexs little linear and more flat. This is probably due to the saturation of colour of the solution. In leaveition, the graph also indicates that the relationship starts at the origin and is generally linear at lower concentrations.In this investigation, Nickel (II) Sulphate willing be used as the transition metal and H2O will be used as the ligand. The complex ion formed will therefore be a hexaaquanickel(II) complex ion, Ni (H2O) 6 2+. It has a coordination number of 6 and is of an octahedral shape. (Microsoft Encarta, 2007)AimTo investigate how the concentration of hexaaquanickel(II) ions (Ni (H2O) 6 2+) in solution affects the absorbance of red light (660nm) by measuring it with a colorimeter.HypothesisAs the concentration of hexaaquanickel(II) ions increases, the absorbance of red light1 will also increase. This is so because as stated in the Beer-Lamber t law, the absorbance of light is directly proportional to the concentration. Furthermore, as the concentration increases, there are more molecules of the complex ions at bottom the solution to interact with the light that is being transmitted hence an increased absorbance at higher concentrations. In addition, despite the logarithmic relationship, I expect my information to show a linear relationship instead because the number of moles I am measuring red absorbance against is rather low (maximum 0.5 moles), so while it would be insufficient to see the clear logarithmic curve the linear increase in the beginning would still be evident.VariablesIndependent Concentration of hexaaquanickel(II) ions (0.0313mol, 0.0625mol, 0.125mol, 0.250mol, 0.500mol)Dependent Absorbency of red light (660nm)Controlled Volume of solution (25cm per different mol solution)EquipmentMethod1) amount 6.57g of nickel sulphate with an electronic balance and place in a 250cm beaker2) Measure 50cm of deioni sed water with 50cm measuring cylinder and pour into the 250cm beaker with the nickel sulphate to take in a 0.5mol nickel sulphate solution3) Mix the solution thoroughly with a glass stirring rod, make sure the solution is transparent (not murky) and no remnants of the nickel sulphate should be present in the solution4) Label the v 50cm volumetric flasks 0.03125mol, 0.0625mol, 0.125mol, 0.25mol and 0.5mol5) Pipette 25cm of the previously made nickel sulphate solution from the 250cm beaker and place into volumetric flask labeled 0.5mol6) Pipette another 25cm from the beaker and place into volumetric flask labeled 0.25mol7) Measure and pipette 25cm of deionised water and add into 0.25mol8) Mix thoroughly9) Measure and pipette 25cm from 0.25mol and add into 0.125mol10) Repeat steps 7 to 8 but add the water into 0.125mol11) Measure and pipette 25cm from 0.125mol and add into 0.0625mol12) Repeat step 10 but add into the water 0.0625mol13) Measure and pipette 25cm from 0.0625mol and ad d into 0.0313 mol14) Repeat step 10 but add into the water0.0313mol15) Connect the PASPORT colorimeter to the computer16) Select to measure red (660nm) absorbance17) After all quin solutions have been made, label five cuvettes the similar labels as the volumetric flasks (place on lid, careful not to have any of the label on the cuvette itself)18) Fill all(prenominal) labeled cuvette with its corresponding volumetric flask label with a dropper19) Fill the remaining unlabeled cuvette with water20) Place the cuvette with water into the colorimeter and extinguish green button to calibrate, do not do anything until the green light switches off by itself21) Place the cuvette labeled 0.03125mol into the colorimeter press start and come apart after getting a constant reading22) Record the data23) Repeat steps 21-22 until all labeled cuvettes have been measured for red absorbance info TableConcentration / mol dm-Red light (660nm) absorbanceUncertaintiesUncertainties (cm3)Measuring cyli nder1.0cmBulb pipette0.06 cmElectronic weigh0.01gConcentration (mol/dm) doubtGraphsDiscussion and ConclusionIt can be seen from the graph that there is a linear relationship between the amount of red light absorbed and the concentration of hexaaquanickel(II) ions. It can also be deduced that as the concentration increases, the red light absorption increases at twice the rate. However, it is interesting to note that the line of best jibe does not start at the origin, but at (0, 0.0623) as the equation derived from the line of best fit states, suggesting that despite showing a clear linear trend, my data is precise but not accurate. This is possibly due to equipment imperfection, for example the cuvette, which will be discussed in the evaluation.However, it is still evident that, as stated in my hypothesis, as the concentration increases, the chances of light interacting with the complex ion molecules also increase, hence yielding a higher light (red, in this case) absorption. While it is true that the Beer-Lambert law states the relationship between concentration of a substance and its absorbency has a logarithmic relationship, my data is linear because the concentrations of my tested solutions were rather low, so if I were to continue my experiment and create more concentrated nickel sulphate solutions, I would expect to see the curve become non-linear as concentration increases because the solution will eventually become saturated. Therefore, in conclusion, my hypothesis corresponds with the results the relationship between red absorbance and concentration of hexaaquanickel(II) ions is quite clear as the concentration increases, the red absorbance also increases.EvaluationOne prospect I can change my method is using the same cuvette and in the same direction each time for measuring all the different solutions, as it has been noted that the cuvettes we have been currently using are not perfectly constructed and may differ with the distance as light passes through. This will help improve the accuracy of the results and an important aspect to take into consideration, because also stated in the Beer-Lambert law, the length in which the light passes through also makes a difference in the absorption of light (the longer the container is, the more chances of light interacting with the molecules of the solution).Another aspect was in the preparing the different solutions, because I had diluted each solution using the same solutions from before, so the uncertainty of each would naturally continuously build up (final uncertainty of 4.31%) for example, if I had accidentally created a 0.052 mol nickel sulphate solution, then the next solution I diluted from that solution would not be 0.025 mol as intended. One way to see through this limitation is to perchance prepare each solution separately to avoid a build up of uncertainties.In addition, another way to make this investigation more definitive and detailed could be increasing the different amounts of concentration of the nickel sulphate solution, as I only had 5 different concentrations.BibliographyClark, J. (2007). The Beer-Lambert law. In Absorption spectra. Retrieved January 15, 2008, fromhttp//www.chemguide.co.uk/ summary/uvvisible/beerlambert.htmlMicrosoft(r) Encarta(r) Online Encyclopedia. (2007). Complex. Retrieved January 17, 2008, fromhttp//au.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_781538720/Complex.htmlNeuss, G. (2007). Determining the concentration of an element. In Chemistry course companion (p.276). Oxford University Press.1 Because nickel sulphate solution is green in colour, red light will be used to measure the absorbency of the solution as it is the complementary colour.

Assignment on Human Trafficking and Prostitution

Assignment on Human Trafficking and whoredomHuman trafficking and harlotry both argon not new issues to get noticed. In s surfaceh Asian countries, merciful trafficking and whoredom atomic number 18 getting out of focus as if there is no right called human right. Bangladesh is one of the south asian countries where human rights are not developed yet.Human trafficking, especially in children and women, has been increasing in Bangladesh. This culpable jalopyiness is linked with the globalization and this business is growing across the world. Human trafficking, in fact, is a trade in human flesh, particularly when girls fall pit to it.1After the trafficking part, prostitution comes in second. virtually of the time it has been seen that trafficked women or children fixs as prostitution in former(a) countries. Some everywhere 25,000 women and children are trafficked out of the Bangladesh to other countries every year, which is very alarming for Bangladesh.2In terms for human traf ficking and prostitution women and children are the most common victims than men. Bangladesh is called a source country as men, women and children from poorer and vulnerable families are collected and smuggled out of India, Pakistan, UAE, Europe, America etc.3As a developing country Bangladesh is not aware of the Human mightily (trafficking or prostitution) which is mandatory for a civilized nation. Bangladeshi government is not taking effective steps to get rid of human trafficking and prostitution problems. In Bangladesh mainly poor great deal are getting involved into that problem. Lack of proper monitoring, controlling and effective implementation of police force against human trafficking and prostitution are the root causes of that problem. There are enough laws in Bangladesh on human rights but most of them are inactive that is why criminals are getting chances to do more(prenominal) crime. Because of poor execution of laws most the victims are not getting right justice. If Bangladesh government recognises efficient steps to minimize that problem then the human rights will be survived otherwise proper civilization canful not be made for Bangladeshi people.HUMAN TRAFFICKING AND PROSTITUTION IN BANGLADESHHuman trafficking involves transporting people away from the communities in which they live by the threat or use of violence, deception or coercion so that they can be exploited as forced or enslaved sounders for sex or labor. When children are trafficked, no violence, deception or coercion needs to be involved, it is merely the act of transporting them into exploitative work constitutes trafficking.4The Constitution states that each individual is entitled to choose her own profession/occupation or trade. Taking advantage of the picture of the poverty-stricken or opportunity seeking people, unscrupulous someones (flesh traders) force, entice, lure or sell minors and other gullible persons into prostitution. They make them execute affidavits in f ront of false magist rank/impersonators stating that they nurse at rest(p) into prostitution of their own volition and they are over 18 years old.Most reports emphasize that, in recent years, there has been a significant growing in the number of children and women being trafficked from Bangladesh into India and other countries. The causes of trafficking and the factors leading to this apparent increases in recent years are multiple and complicated. These factors are embedded within the socioeconomic structure of the country and require an in-depth analysis. According to the trafficking record it has been seen that there are some group which are enough victims, those groups can be categorized as poor women and children, abandoned women, widows and separated women, girls of broken families, migrants, ethnic minorities.5Those trafficked victims are used for forced labor (domestic work, farm work, and factory work), forced sexual service (prostitution, barmaids, work in sex tourism industry and pornography), begging, smuggling, organ sale, camel jockeying.In Bangladesh there are some approaches of human trafficking some of those are selling a person by family members, neighbor, and friends, luring out a person with a promise of job or marriage, kidnapping a person. Most of the cases women and children are chiefly recruited from rural areas or small towns. In the transshipment process they are handed over and taken over by numerous procurers, brokers and intermediaries, usually not known to authorities as ones with criminal. Traffickers usually take help of local people and villagers to identify poor families. Traffickers operate in an internal network having agents make contracts with unsuspecting women and children around bus and train stations.Prostitution is legal in Bangladesh but according to our culture and community system that does not go with Bangladesh. According to the law Female prostitution with minimum age 18 is legal. Male prostitution is ille gal. Female prostitution is legal, Male prostitution is illegal, although local NGOs claimed it is common in the major cities. The authorities generally ignored the minimum age of 18, often circumvented by false statements of age, for legal female prostitution. The government rarely prosecuted procurers of minors, and large numbers of underage girls in prostitution worked in brothels. Local NGOs estimated the total number of female prostitutes was as galore(postnominal) as 100,000. The UN Childrens Fund (UNICEF) estimated in 2004 that there were10,000 underage girls used in technical sexual exploitation in the country, but other estimates placed the figure as high as 29,000. Trafficking of women internally and internationally remained a problem 6. As many as 10,000 children were used in brothels for commercial sexual exploitation, and procurers of minors were rarely prosecuted. Government depravation greatly facilitated the process of trafficking. Police and local government offic ials often ignored trafficking in women and children for commercial sexual exploitation and were easily bribed by brothel owners and pimps.Trafficking and Prostitutions Routes in Bangladesh6 US Department of State role of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, 2008 Human Rights Report Bangladesh, 7 Rahman Mahfuzur , Human Trafficking Children and Women are the worst victims. (Bangladesh News Network, 2004). P. 25Bangladesh and India have 4,222 km of common borders stretching over 28 districts of Bangladesh. According to sources, Brahmanbaria, Chittagong, Chuadanga, Comilla, Coxs Bazar, Dinajpur, Jessore, Jhenaidah, Joypurhat, Jushtia, Lalmonirhat, Meherpur, Chapainawabganj, Nilpahar, Panchagarh, Rajshahi and Satkhira are the districts through which children and women are frequently smuggled out of the country. Now this trafficking and prostitution are not included in just India, now speeded in other countries as Nepal, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, China, Myanmar, Thailand, Japan 7.Purposes of Human Trafficking and Prostitution in BangladeshBangladesh is not a developed country so many sufferings are here for people. Poor people suffer a lot as food problem, health problem, sanitation, cloth problem, education problem and some other sufferings, there is no end. From these problems those people get involved in unethical works. Some part of the people take chances of suffered people and use them for trafficking or protection. So the number of trafficked and prostitute are increasing in Bangladesh day by day. Poverty is certainly driving rural young women to cities. They take job in the garment factories or work as housemaids or in any other sectors. Their employers sexually abuse and harass them and finally drive them thus loosing faithfulness to the profession of prostitution. Prostitution is not a new phenomenon in Bangladesh. Religion although does not permit prostitution, its law does not prevent a woman from becoming a prostitute if she likes to be. This oldest insti tution having enrooted deep in the society can not be abolished overnight. None can, however, define human prostitution simply as the use of sexual responses for an ulterior purpose. This would include a great portion of all friendly behavior, especially that of women. It would include marriage, for example, wherein women trade their sexual favors for an economic and social status supplied by men. Being repressed under growing economic crises, women and minor girls are forced to engage in prostitution for survival. More and more children are joining this profession. While most of them initiate this profession under the repression of economic hardship they are exposed to several vulnerabilities. They are forced to tract their hard-earned money with a third party. Guardian such as elder sisters, brothers, parents are accepting this profession. It is difficult to have the statistics of floating and hotel sex workers since they neither have any particular locations nor do they maintai n any registration. It is important to ensure proper implementation of the laws regarding the rights of the sex workers and to ensure their total liberty so that they can take as many clients as their bodies permit. However, Hotel sex working is an emerging dynamics of sex working in Bangladesh in terms of the rate and volumes with the declining expressive style of brothel sex with the subsequent eviction of the oldest and biggest brothels in Bangladesh.Law against Human Trafficking and ProstitutionLaws and rules are available in Bangladesh but problem is the execution of law is the main problem. We do not practice what is according to the law and rules. The power of law is bit low here that is why the crime and corruption rates are increasing in Bangladesh day by day. In the case of trafficker and business of prostitution, laws are not becoming very effective against that. to a lower place Bangladeshs Suppression of Violence Against Women and Children act (2000) trafficking of wom en and children is illegal. Harsh penalties are prescribed for traffickers. However, this law is frequently not implemented and fails to safeguard the rights of people who have been trafficked.6Most of the trafficked women in Bangladesh end up as young prostitutes. Young girls from poor families, lures by offers of jobs, marriage, invariably land into brothels on both sides of the border. According to the suppression of immoral Trafficking Act 1933, provides for punishment for forcing a girl into prostitution. In Section 11 of the Act provides a penalty of maximum three years of imprisonment or fine or both9.RECOMMENDATION Human Trafficking and Prostitution is not a local problem but global problem. Bangladesh government is aware of the problem of trafficking and has taken up measures to prevent it. One such measure is the strengthening of border posts. However, the sheer length of Bangladeshs border with India and Burma makes it impossible to prevent people crossing the borders. a nother(prenominal) measure is the strengthening of legislation and increasing punishments for trafficking. There are some steps which can help to minimize the social problem of Human trafficking and Prostitution which are mentioned belowStrengthening laws against unethical works (trafficking, smuggling etc.)Increasing Government monitoring system and controlling system.Permitting more NGOs and social agents to increase ken (A uniform plan of action on the issue of trafficking of women and children involving the governments and NGOs of the region needs to be developed, so that a coordinated approach toward the conviction of traffickers is possible)Minimizing the rate of corruption and fulfilling the basic rights of human being.Increasing media exposure and social awareness activities.(for example medias reporting and social activities on creation of awareness have been effective in making people aware of the deceptive mechanisms adopted by the agents of trafficking.)Government can t ake measures by which people have complete control over food and livelihood.Increasing the Awareness-raising Program, Monitoring and Support Services to victims.CONCLUSION The trafficking issue is closely linked with the human rights issue with important ramifications in the area of health, law-enforcing, and socioeconomic development in general. Poverty, attitudes toward women and deeply-entrenched gender discrimination, unemployment, cultural norms about marriage, well-organized national and international networks of traffickers, and weak law-enforcing agencies are few critical factors relating to trafficking of women and children in Bangladesh. This criminal activity cannot be addressed through tougher laws alone. Several legislations, including the Women and Children Repression Prevention Act, 2000, already provide penalties for violence against women and children, including trafficking and kidnapping. Yet, implementation of these legislations remains a formidable challenge. In Bangladesh social and economic vulnerability of women and children have left them with only a few options to eke out a livelihood. For that reason crimes are increasing as well as Environmental degradation, ecological erosion all these systems further accelerate the process. So the traffickers are taking advantages of that situation also prostitution business is getting higher. The government must take effective measures to defeat the rising problem of human trafficking and prostitution.

Spoken language vs written language

Spoken language vs written languageThes is statementIt is more difficult to understand the verbalise language than the written language for some reasons.Annotated BibliographyRidgway, T. (2000). Listening strategies- I beg your pardon? ELT Journal Volume 54/2Oxford Oxford University PressIn the essay, Tony Ridgway writes around the basic differences between the spoken and the written language, furthermore, he clarifies the main disparities between spoken and written texts. In the centre of his work, he examines wheter the the skills and strategies which people use during education could be transported into listening. In a separate paragraph, he explains what startegy means exactly, because according to him, there is confusion with it. Ridgway deals with the question of conscious listening and direct listening strategy, because in his view, it is impossible to do it directly. Afterwards, he tells his opinion about the importance of practising. At last, he explains the authentic tex ts, which means that realistic situations should appear in listening tasks. At the end, Ridgway summarises the topic of the essay in the practical consequences.Field, J. (2000). Not waving but drowning a reply to Tony Ridgway ELT Journal Volume 54/2Oxford Oxford University PressIn his essay, John Field deals with the same topic like Tony Ridgway, but he has a different opinion, so this is a critical reflection. There are ideas of Ridgway in which Field agrees with him, but not so many. He rather lists the assuptions of Ridgway, for example equality of texts, the question of transferring skills from the first language into the second, and the problem with simplified texts. Furthermore, he introduces both types of students the risk-taker and the risk-avoider. He also expresses dissatisfaction about some definitions of Ridgway, like strategy, strategy types and skills. Afterwards, he summarises Ridgways main arguments and writes his own opinion about them. At the end of the essay, he explains Ridgways beginning and tells, why he cannot agree with him.The National Capital Language Resource Center. (2003, 2004) Strategies for Developing Listening Skills. Teaching Listening. Washington, DCRetrieved from http//www.nclrc.org/essentials/listening/stratlisten.htmThe target of this article is to garter students developing their listening strategies. According to the writer, listening is a really important part of language learning, but it needs to improve it. Students can easily turn over better results with the following strategies top-down, which means a listener based strategy, when students are familiar with the background of the text, and bottom-up, which means a text based strategy, when students listening for proper(postnominal) details and word-order patterns. The writer also mentions a metacognitive strategy, which means the preparation for the listening method and evaluate it. Afterwards, four basis steps are given to realize the aim listening to meaning. These steps include figuration the purpose, selection the relevant pieces, selection an appropiate strategy and check of comprehension.

Defining And Understanding Crisis Intervention Social Work Essay

Defining And Understanding Crisis Intervention Social Work EssayWe live in an era in which crisis-inducing returns and keen crisis episodes be prevalent. Each year, angiotensin-converting enzyme thousand thousands of people argon confronted with crisis-inducing effects that they croupnot resolve on their own, and they often turn for patron to crisis units of biotic community genial health centers, psychiatric screening units, outpatient clinics, infirmary emergency rooms, college counseling centers, family counseling agencies, and domestic violence programs (Roberts, 2005).Crisis clinicians essential respond quickly to the challenges posed by clients presenting in a crisis put forward. Critical decisions need to be made on behalf of the client. Clinicians need to be aw ar that some clients in crisis argon making one last heroic effort to livek attend to and hence may be highly motivated to try something different. Thus, a time of crisis seems to be an opportunity to max imize the crisis clinicians study power to intervene effectively as long as he or she is cogitate in the here and now, go outing to rapidly assess the clients problem and resources, suggest remnants and alternative make do methods, breach a working alliance, and build upon the clients strengths. At the start it is critically measurable to establish rapport while assessing lethality and determining the precipitating regular(a)ts/ offices. It is then important to rank the primary presenting problem and mutually agree on short-term goals and tasks. By its nature, crisis disturbance involves identifying failed coping skills and then helping the client to replace them with adaptive coping skills. It is imperative that all kind health clinicians-counseling psychologists, mental health counselors, clinical psychologists, psychiatrists, psychiatric nurses, social thespians, and crisis hotline workers-be well up versed and knowledgeable in the principles and practices of crisi s interference. Several million psyches encounter crisis-inducing planets annually, and crisis treatment seems to be the emerging therapeutic method of choice for most individuals.Crisis Intervention The Need for a Model A crisis has been dened as An cunning disruption of mental homeostasis in which ones usual coping mechanisms fail and there exists evidence of distress and functional impairment. The subjective reaction to a stressful invigoration experience that compromises the individuals stability and ability to cope or function. The main ca exercise of a crisis is an intensely stressful, distresstic, or hazardous event, but two other conditions are also necessary (1) the individuals perception of the event as the cause of considerable upset and/or disruption and (2) the individuals inability to resolve the disruption by previously used coping mechanisms. Crisis also refers to an upset in the steady domain. It often has ve components a hazardous or traumatic event, a vu lnerable or sick(p) show, a precipitating factor, an active crisis state based on the persons perception, and the resolution of the crisis. (Roberts, 2005, p. 778) Given such(prenominal) a denition, it is necessary that crisis workers have in mind a framework or blueprint to guide them in responding. In short, a crisis intervention mystify is needed, and one is needed for a host of reasons, such as the ones given as follows. When confronted by a person in crisis, clinicians need to talking to that persons distress, impairment, and instability by operating in a logical and slap-up mold (Greenstone Leviton, 2002). The profetional, often with special clinical experience, is less likely to exacerbate the crisis with well-intentioned but haphazard responding when trained to work within the framework of a systematic crisis intervention model. A inclusive intervention allows the novice as well as the see clinician to be mindful of maintaining the ne line that allows for a respons e that is active and directive enough but does not take problem ownership away from the client. Finally, a intervention should suggest steps for how the crisis worker post intentionally meet the client where he or she is at, assess level of risk, mobilize client resources, and move strategically to stabilize the crisis and improve functioning.Crisis intervention is no longer regarded as a passing fad or as an emerging discipline. It has now evolved into a specialty mental health historic period that stands on its own. Based on a solid theoretical foundation and a praxis that is born out of over 50 years of a posteriori and experiential grounding, crisis intervention has become a multidimensional and exible intervention method.However, the primary focus of crisis literature has been on giving aid and support, which is guessable given that the startle concern in the aftermath of a crisis is always to issue assistance (McFarlane, 2000), not to conduct systematic research (Raphae l, Wilson, Meldrum, McFarlane, 1996). Experts in crisis intervention have focused on practical issues such as developing intervention models that manage postcrisis reactions (Paten, Violanti, Dunning, 2000), with little attention being given to the phylogeny of possible action (Slaikeu, 1990). Slaikeu stated that crisis theories are more like a cluster of assumptions, rather than principles based on research that explain or predict the effect of crises on individuals. Ursano et al. (1996) agreed, stating that clinical observations and implications derived from mediators of traumatic stress have guided interventions, rather than conjecture. Although these efforts have plusd the understanding of the nature of crises, a need exists to mold these assumptions and observations into theory.The field of crisis intervention is predicated upon the existence of the phenomenon of psychological crisis. Because crisis intervention is the instinctive corollary of the psychological crisis, t his review begins with a definition of the crisis phenomenon.Definition of crisisby CapleCrisis occurs when people encounter an obstacle in achieving the important objectives of spiritedness. This obstacle and cannot be overcome by means of customary methods used dealing with onerousies.This results in a state of disorganization and confusion, in which made numerous unsuccessful attempts of solutions.Moreover, the crisis resulted from the problems on the road practically important in achieving objectives, obstacles where people feel that they are not able to overcome done the usual choices and behavior. (1964)by CARKHUFFA and BerensonCrises are crises so that the affected people do not know either ways of dealingthemselves with the situation (1977)by BelkinCrises of this personal difficulties or situations that deprive people of ability andprevent conscious chink of his liveness (1984)by BrammerCrisis is a state of disorganization in which man is confronted with the destructio n of important objectives of life or impenetrable impairment of their life cycle and methods of dealing with stressful factors.The term crisis typically refers to a awareness of fear, shock and experienced difficulties in connection with the disorder, and not to the corresponding disorder (1985)by MARINOCrisis develops in clear stagesa) the situation is critical, which controls whether the normal mechanisms for dealingdeal with difficult enoughb) the mounting tension and disorganization accompanying this situation excess capacityit affected people to cope with difficultiesc) the situation requires reaching for the extra resources (ex. professionalcounseling)d) may prove necessary referral to a specialist who will help in removal ofserious personality disorder (1995)by Badura-MadejThe crisis is transitional state of privileged imbalance, caused by criticalevent or life events.This condition requires significant changes and decisions. (1999)The Chinese word for crisis presents a good depiction of the components of a crisis. The wordcrisisin Chinese is formed with the characters fordangerandopportunity. A crisis presents an obstacle, trauma, or threat, but it also presents an opportunity for either growth or decline.Crisis is self-defined , because crisis is any situation for which a person does not have adequate coping skills. Therefore, What is a crisis for one person may not be a crisis for another person. In mental health terms, a crisis refers not necessarily to a traumatic situation or event, but to a persons reaction to an event. One person might be deeply affected by an event, while another individual suffers little or no ill effects. Crises may range from seemingly minor situations, such as not being prepared for class, to major life changes, such as death or divorce. Crisis is environmentally based. What is now a crisis may not have been a crisis before or would not be a crisis in a different setting.Basic Crisis Theory Since Lindemanns (1944, 1956 ) seminal contribution of a basic crisis theory stemming from his work in loss and grief, the development of crisis theory has advanced considerably. Lindemann identified crises as having (1) a period of dis counterweight (2) a process of working by the problems and (3) an eventual restoration of equilibrium. Together with the contributions of Caplan (1964), this work evolved to in the end include crisis intervention for psychological reactions to traumatic experiences and spread out the mental health fields knowledge base in applying basic crisis theory to other types of crises experienced by people.In addition to recognizing that a crisis is accompanied by temporary disequilibrium, crisis theorists identify the potential for human growth from the crisis experience and the belief that resolution may leave to corroborative and constructive outcomes such as enhanced coping abilities. Thus, the duality contained in a crisis is the co-existence of danger and opportunity (Gilliland James, 1997). One part of the crisis state is a persons increased vulnerability and reduced defensiveness. This creates an openness in people for trying different methods of problem-solving and leads to change characterizing life crises (Kendricks, 1985).Expanded Crisis Theory While grow crisis theory, as we understand it today, merges key constructs from systems, adaptation, psychoanalytic and interpersonal theories (Gilliland James, 1997), the advent of systemic thinking heralded a new way of viewing crisis states. By faulting away from focusing exclusively on the individual in crisis to understanding their state within interpersonal/familial relationships and life events, entry points and avenues for intervention importantly increase. Systems theory promotes the notion that traditional cause and effect formulations have a tendency to overlook the complex and difficult to understand symptomlogy often observed in people in crisis. Especially with younger populations, crisis as sessments should occur only within the familial and social context of the child in crisis.More recently the bionomic perspective is readying popularity as it evolves and develops into models of crisis intervention. From this perspective, crises are believed to be best viewed in the persons total environmental context, including political and socio-economic contexts. Thus, in the United States, mobile crisis teams primarily responding to adult populations use an ecological model. Issues of poverty, homelessness, chronicity, marginalization and pervasive disenfranchisement characterize the client population served (Cohen, 1990).Ecocsystem Theory Most recently an ecosystem theory of crisis is evolving to explain not only the individual in crisis, but to understand those affected by crisis and the ecological impact on communities. For example, the devastating rate of suicide and attempted suicide in Inuit youth reverberates through their communities on multiple levels. Ecosystem theory also deals with larger scale crises from environmental disasters (e.g. oil spills) to human disasters (e.g. Columbine school shootings).Applied Crisis Theory Applied crisis theory encompasses the following three domainsDevelopmental criseswhich are events in the normal flow of human growth and development whereby a dramatic change cites maladaptive responses Events such as birth, which is a crisis both for the mother and the infant, the onset of puberty and adolescence, marriage, the menopause, and so on as we progress through the biological stages of life, are known as developmental crises, These differ from situational crisis in that they necessarily occur at a given point in development and everyone has to pass through them. This goes along with Eriksons theory of personality development, in that personality continues to develop through life, changing radically as a function of how an individual deals with each stage of development.There are several causes of developmental cris is. One cause is a deficit in skills that can keep a person from achieving developmental tasks or turn a predictable transition into a crisis. For example, if a parent does not have the skills to be a parent, having a baby could become a crisis situation. Developmental crisis can also occur when the individual is not prepared for milestone events, such as menopause, widowhood, etc. Another cause is when one of lifes developmental transition is comprehend by the individual as being out of phase with societys expectations. Examples of this could be leaving home, choosing a partner, marrying, having kids, and retiring.Situational criseswhich emerge with the occurrence of uncommon and extraordinary events which the individual has no way of predicting or controlling Traumatic events which might or might not happen at a given time. These could either be major catastrophes such as earthquakes, floods, etc., which could affect a whole section of society. In other words occurs in response to a sudden unexpected event in a persons life. The critical life events revolve around experiences of grief and loss. like loss of a job, divorce, abortion, death of a love one, severe tangible or mental illness, or any other sudden tragic event.One characteristic of situational crises is their sudden onset and unpredictability. While a struggle with developmental issues usually builds over time, situational crises strike from nowhere all at once. Unexpectedness is another factor of situational crises. People generally believe it wont happen to me, and are blind-sided when it does happen to them. Emergency quality is another characteristic of situational crises. When a situational crisis hits, it needs to be dealt with straightawayly. Situational crises also impact the entire community. These events usually affect large rime of people simultaneously, requiring intervention with large groups in a relatively short period of time. The last characteristic of situational crises is the presence of both danger and opportunity. Reorganization must eventually begin. This reorganization has the potential for the individual to emerge on either a higher or lower level of functioning.Existential criseswhich refer to interior(a) conflicts and anxieties that relate to human issues of purpose, responsibility and autonomy (e.g., middle life crisis).It is a stage of development at which an individual questions the very foundations of their life whether their life has any meaning, purpose or value. An existential crisis is often provoked by a significant event in the persons life marriage, separation, major loss, the death of a love one a life-threatening experience psycho-active drug use adult children leaving home reaching a personally-significant age (turning 30, turning 40, etc.), etc. Usually, it provokes the sufferersintrospectionabout personal mortality, thus revealing the psychological repression of said awarenessEach person and situation is unique and should be res ponded to as such. Therefore, it is useful to understand the crisis from one or more of these domains in order to understand the complexities of the individuals situation and to intervene in more effective ways. One would also tend to see a younger population with developmental and/or situational crises (Gilliland James, 1997).Due to the duration of the crisis, we may distinguish Acute crises Chronic crisesStages of a CrisisIn order to feel out the elements of a responsive mobile crisis service a conceptual framework of the stages of crisis is presented. There is agreement in the literature that most crisis interventions should last about one to six weeks (Caplan, 1964 Kendricks, 1985). This suggested time frame is based on identifiable stages of a crisis. Frequently cited in the literature (Gilliland James, 1997 Smith, 1978) is Caplans four stages of crisis anatomy I The person has an increase in anxiety in response to a traumatic eventif the coping mechanisms work, theres no c risisif coping mechanisms do not work (are ineffective) a crisis occurs.Phase II In the second phase anxiety continues to increase.Phase III Anxiety continues to increase the person asks for help. (If the person has been perceptionally isolated before the trauma they probably will not have adequate support a crisis will surely occur).Phase IV Is theactive crisis here the persons inner resources supports are inadequate. The person has a short attention span, ruminates (goes on about it), wonders what they did or how they could have avoided the trauma. Their behavior is impulsive unproductive. Relationships with others suffer,they view others in terms of how can they help to solve the problem. The person feels like they are losing their mind,this is frightening Be sure to teach them that when the anxiety decreases that thinking will be clearer.While others have proposed fairly varying stages, there are commonalties in understanding that crises are time-limited, have a begin ning, middle and end, and that intervention early in a crisis can produce stabilization and a return to the pre-crisis state. No intervention, or inadequate intervention, can result in chronic patterns of behavior that result in transcrisis states (Gilliland James, 1997).Transcrisis the original crisis event becomes submerged into the unconscious andre-emerges when anxiety is re-experienced. A woman who experienced rape willre-experience problems with being sexually intimate with a man and experience problems in intimate relationships.Crisis stages can be distinguished from mental disorders in that the person in crisis can be described as having normal and functional mental health before and after the crisis. Additionally crisis tend to be of limited duration and after the crisis is over, the clients turmoil will frequently subside. There however persons who can stay in crisis state for month or years. Such individual is described as being In transcrisis state. Its also possible fo r transcris state to lead to the development of anxiety and other tipes of mental disorder (ex.PTSD).Crisis InterventionCrisis intervention is the form of psychological help, that is focused on therapeutic contact, concentrated on the problem, that caused the crisis, limited in time, when the person is confronted with the crisis and has to solve it. That kind of help lets us reduce the crisis response and minimize functional impairment. (Badura-Madej, 1999)Crisis intervention is emergency first aid for mental health (Ehly, 1986). Crisis intervention involves three components 1) the crisis, the perception of an unmanageable situation 2) the individual or group in crisis and 3) the helper, or mental health worker who provides aid. Crisis intervention requires that the person experiencing crisis receive timely and skillful support to help cope with his/her situation before future physical or emotional deterioration occurs.Crisis intervention provides the opportunity and mechanisms for change to those who are experiencing psychological disequilibrium, who are feeling overwhelmed by their current situation, who have exhausted their skills for coping, and who are experiencing personal discomfort. Crisis intervention is a process by which a crisis worker identifies, assesses, and intervenes with the individual in crisis so as to restore balance and reduce the effects of the crisis in his/her life. The individual is then committed with a resource network to reinforce the change.HISTORY Crisis InterventionOrigins of crisis intervention, should be found in the topics related to the suicide prevention, the development of environmental psychiatry, as well as a vocation to life services dealing with emergency psychotherapeutic assistance for victims of traumatic events, such as war or natural disasters (Badura-Madej, 1999).The roots of crisis intervention come from the pioneering work of two community psychiatrists-Erich Lindemann and Gerald Caplan in the mid-1940s, fifti es, and 1960s. We have come a far cry from its inception in the 1950s and 1960s. Specically, in 1943 and 1944 community psychiatrist, Dr. Erich Lindemann at Massachusetts General Hospital conceptualized crisis theory based on his work with many acute and grief stricken survivors and relatives of the 493 executed victims of Bostons worst nightclub re at the Coconut Grove. Gerald Caplan, a psychiatry professor at Massachusetts General Hospital and the Harvard School of Public Health, expanded Lindemanns (1944) pioneering work. Caplan (1961, 1964) was the rst clinician to describe and document the four stages of a crisis reaction initial rise of tension from the emotionally hazardous crisis precipitating event, increased disruption of daily vivification because the individual is stuck and cannot resolve the crisis quickly, tension rapidly increases as the individual fails to resolve the crisis through emergency problem-solving methods, and the person goes into a depression or mental break open or may partially resolve the crisis by using new coping methods. A number of crisis intervention practice models have been promulgated over the years (e.g., Collins Collins, 2005 Greenstone Leviton, 2002 Jones, 1968 Roberts Grau, 1970).The goals of crisis intervention are relatively limited, relate to the immediate crisis situation and are the followingReduction in disequilibriurn or relief of symptoms of crisis return to precrisis level of functioningSome understanding of the relevant precipitating eventsIdentification of remedial measures which the client can take or make available through community resources.Connecting the current situation with past life experiences and conflictsInitiating new modes of thinking, perceiving feeling and developing new adaptive and coping responses which are useful beyond the immediate crisis situation, leading to an emancipated maturation and empowerment.Basic PrinciplesWhile there is no one single model of crisis intervention (Jaco bson, Strickler, Mosley, 1968), there is common agreement on the general principles to be employed by EMH practitioners to alleviate the acute distress of victims, to restore independent functioning and to prevent or mitigate the aftermath of psychological trauma and PTSD (Butcher, 1980 Everly Mitchell, 1999 Flannery, 1998 Raphael, 1986 Robinson Mitchell, 1995 Sandoval, 1985 Wollman, 1993).1. Intervene immediately. By definition, crises are emotionally hazardous situations that place victims at high risk for maladaptive coping or even for being immobilized. The presence onsite of EMH personnel as quickly as possible is paramount.2. Stabilize. One important immediate goal is the stabilization of the victims or the victim community actively mobilizing resources and support networks to restore some semblance of order and routine. Such a mobilization provides the needed tools for victims to begin to function independently.3. Facilitate understanding. Another important step in restori ng victims to pre-crisis level of functioning is to facilitate their understanding of what has occurred. This is accomplished by gathering the facts about what has occurred, listening to the victims recount events, encouraging the expression of difficult emotions, and helping them understand the impact of the critical event.4. Focus on problem-solving. Actively assisting victims to use available resources to regain control is an important strategy for EMH personnel. Assisting the victim in solving problems within the context of what the victim feels is possible enhances independent functioning.5. Encourage self-reliance. Akin to active problem-solving is the emphasis on restoring self-reliance in victims as an surplus means to restore independentfunctioning and to address the aftermath of traumatic events. Victims should be assisted in assessing the problems at hand, in developing practical strategies to address those problems, and in fielding those strategies to restore a more nor malequilibrium.The practice of crisis intervention, typically consist of the following (Badura Madej, 1999)Providing emotional support to facilitate the reaction to emotionConfronted with the reality and countering tendencies to deny and distorted to form at the moment the most important problem to solutionAssess the current ways of coping in terms of their adaptive natureReferring to good coping strategies or creating new strategiesA plan of assistance.Characteristics of a crisis intervention (Badura-Madej, 1999) Assistance as soon as possible after the critical event, preferably at the time, when the existing ways of coping are exhausted with crisis, and new constructive behaviors yet not created to provide the support reduces the risk run adaptive ways of coping Focus on the situation and the current problem associated with the crisis (the here and now ), taking into circular the individual history of man (analysis of this story helps to understand the nature and depth of the crisis reaction) Emotional support, often also material support (accommodation, shelter, food,drinking, etc.) to ensure a sense of security to the person in crisis A large intensity of contacts (depending on the situation) and sometimes even daily Time limit (6 10 meetings) flexibility in assisting interactions from the directive operation, client collaboration, to the non-directive action Mobilizing the natural support system for people in crisis, cooperation with other institutions, providing possible support from institutions to holistic approach to people in crisis (eg, OPS, police, etc.).Crisis Intervention Models(Gilliland and James, 2005)Practice and intervention literature indicate the usefulness of certain general theoretical models for the construction of concrete measures for persons in crisis.Belkin (1984) proposes a classification includes equilibrium model, cognitive model and psycho-social model of transformation (Gilliland and James, 2005).Equilibrium modelEquilib rium model indicates a basic fact of the continuum balance imbalance,which differentiates functioning non-crisis and crisis.Persons in crisis, experiencingstate of disorganization, lack of balance of basic psychological functions, are not able to effectively use their customary ways of coping and methods of solving problems.The aim of the intervention from the point of view of equilibrium model is to assist the client in regained pre-crisis equilibrium.therefore the use of this approach is the mostjustified in the initial stages of intervention, when a person has no sense of control over himself and course of events is confused and unable to take adequatedecisions and appropriate action.Until the client does not recover even though part of the capacity to coping, the main effort should be directed to stabilize the condition of the person.Only then it is possible to use his abilities to cope, and other indwelling and external resources to solve a crisis problem.Equilibrium model co nsideredis the cleanest model of crisis intervention (Caplan, 1961 for Gilliland and James, 2005).Cognitive modelThe cognitive model of crisis intervention is based on the preface that crisis are rooted in faulty thinking about the event or situations that surround the crisis not in the events themselves or the facts about events or situations (Ellis, 1962). The goal of this model is to help people become aware of and change their views and beliefs about crisis events or situations.The basic tenet of the cognitive model is that people can gain control of crisis in their lives by changing their thinking, especially by recognizing and disputing the irrational and self-defeating parts of their cognitions and by retaining and focusing on the rational and self-enhancing elements of their thinking.The messages that people in crisis send themselves become very negative and twisted, in contrast to the reality of the situation. Dilemmas that are constant and grinding wear people out, pushi ng their internal state of perception more and more toward negative self-talk until their cognitive sets are so negative that no amount of preaching can convince them anything positive will ever come from the situation.Crisis intervention in this model can be compared to work on rewriting your own program by the client, which on a positive Coupling back and repeat the exercise in self-assessment of the new situation, be able to change emotions and behavior in a more positive and constructive. Cognitive model can be used in practice when the client has already regained some sufficient level of psychological stability, allowing where appropriate perception, move conclusions, making decisions and experimenting with new behaviors.Basic concepts of this approach are fond in the rational-emotive work of Ellis (1982), the cognitive-behavioral approach of Meichenbaum (1977), and the cognitive system of Beck (1976).Psychosocial transition modelPsychosocial transition model is another useful approach to intervention incrisis.This model is based on the assumption that man is the result of the interaction between the genetic equipment, and the study process, setting the social environment. Both people and their environment and social influence processes are subject to constant change. Therefore, crises may be related to both internal and external (psychosocial, social and environmental) difficulties.The purpose of crisis intervention, as seen from this perspective, is to help, cooperation with client in an adequate assessment of both internal and external circumstances influencing the emergence of the crisis, as well as assist in the selection of effective alternatives to the (clients) existing, inefficient behavior, inappropriate attitudes and inefficiencies how to use the resources of the environment in which I live. To obtain a stand-alone control over his private life customers can be needed for obtaining adequate internal mechanisms to deal with difficulties, as we ll as social support and environmental resources.The Psychosocial transition model does not perceive crisis simply an interal state of affairs that resides totally within the individual. It reaches outside the individual and askes what system need to be changed. Systems such as family, peer group, work environment, religious community are examples who can also support or interfere with the psychological ada

Rates of Reaction Experiment :: Papers

Rates of Reaction Experiment Rate of reaction means the rate of formation of a product/disappearance of a reactant, this is employmentful because we can time the different concentrations reacting with the acid, and give each of them a rate, based on the formula rate = 1/time. Rate of reaction is what we use to measure how quickly a reaction takes to reach a certain point in the reaction in this case it is when it gets to certain cloudiness. In this investigation, we exit need to measure the time of the reaction, so we can make a rate for it, to do this we use the formula, - rate = 1/time * gram, we use the *1000 so that it is a manageable number to plot on a graph if necessary. It is by and large measured in time, as this is the only means thinkable to us however you must be careful because as heat is a catalyst, it strongly affects the rate as you will see in the results, so we consent to try and keep it the same throughout the experiment. The reac tion we are studying is very easy to monitor and time. All of the products in the solution unblock into it (sodium chloride, sulphur dioxide and water), apart from sulphur, which makes the solution go cloudy, and forms a precipitate. This can be written down as s-1for example 15.7 s-1means 15.7 per second is the rate of the reaction. The rate is generally measured by selecting a certain amount of two substances, and finding a suitable way of judging when the reaction has finished, the reaction is then timed, and when you have a time, you put it into the formula rate = 1/time *1000.This is the only method available to us, because it can not be done any different way for this experiment, but others may be measured in different ways, i.e. mass loss, or amount of gas evolved could be measured. The Equations for this experiment are sodium thiosulphate + Hydrochloric acid Sodium chloride + sulphur +

Class and Culture in Urban American Essay -- Gangs Crimes Cultural Soc

Class and Culture in Urban American A battalion is a loosely organized group of individual people who join forces for social reasons. Or anti-social reasons depending on how one looks at it. A person may join a gang for numerous reasons. These reasons include the need for identity, discipline, recognition, love, money, and belonging. 5 Today there ar approximately 274 Blood and Crip gangs in Los Angeles County alone. 1 The gangs that are frequently in the give-and-take are usually made up of African-Americans. African-Americans first formed street gangs in the late 1920s and early 1930s on the east stead of Los Angeles near Central and Vernon Avenues. They were also forming in the downtown area of Los Angeles around the same time. 4 Los Angeles is not the only area where gangs are visible, but it is often the area that will be associated with the topic of gang violence. During the years to follow the early 1930s, African-Americans began to move south from downtown L os Angeles, down Central Ave towards Slauson Avenue. 4 Whites to begin with occupied this area during the 1920s, but African-Americans started moving in when the 1930s began. As the years went on and the time became closer to the present, these old gangs faded away, and untried gangs surfaced. These new gangs were a more violent, dangerous type of group. Confrontations that would have led to fistfights in the 1930s progressed into fights that included chains, knives, and guns during the 1970s and 1980s. The two main names that will be associated with gang crime and activity these days are the Bloods and the Crips. These two names raise fear in most members of the community in the United States. The Bloods and the Crips are names that are synonymous with bloody ... ...ls, and parents to do their part. Together maybe we can put a halt to gang activity all together. Bibliography 1James Haskins, thoroughfare Gangs Yesterday and Today. (Hastings House, Publishers of New York, 1984).2 www.th-record.com/1999/09/14/hygangs.htm3www.cnn.com/US/9708/27/crips.bloods/4www.streetgangs.com/history/history.html5www.gangwar.com/dynamics.html6G. Larry Mays, Gangs and Gang Behavior. (Nelson-Hall, Publishers of Chicago, 1997).7Mary G. Harris, Ed. D., Girls and Gangs. (AMS Press, of New York, 1988).8Susan A. Phillips, Wallbangin Graffiti and Gangs in L. A.. (The University of Chicago Press, 1999).9http//web.tc.Columbia.edu/monographs/uds107/preventing_location.html10www.expage.com/page/cripinfo11www.streetgangs.com/topics/2000/062300deathsen.html12www.streetgangs.com/topics/2000/081400upturn.html