Happy Endings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Happy Endings - Essay Exampleattempts to summarize all the possibilities about the affair between two couples John-Mary and Fred-Madge in a number of six differently outlined simple plots with common endings that John and Mary die. John and Mary die. John and Mary die. (Atwood, Happy Endings) Such simple summarization obviously provides Atwood with more legibility to comment on the portrayal of male-female relationship in Atwoods contemporary fictions or literatures.Atwoods emphasis on John and Marys death hitches her readers down to earth and to reality obviously. It is the reality, in which John (generalization of husband) and Mary (generalization of wife) love each other somewhattimes they roam each other. When women like Mary dies lovelorn, other women like Madge revels in love and vice versa. It is the very reality in which some Johns (husbands) love their wives fabulously some other Johns seduce women for sex. Somewhere else, other Johns swindle their wives. Atwood suggests that the plots in traditional literary works ar either these or those Thats about all that after part be said for plots, which anyway are just one thing after another, a what and a what and a what. (Atwood, Happy Endings) But according to Atwood, what is unlawful with this a what and a what and a what type of plot is that it does not provide the readers with much scope to ask a question, Why and how? (Atwood, Happy Endings) Therefore Atwoods narrator in the story Happy Endings ultimately comes up with the suggestion to interpret how and wherefore the caricatured plots in her story are different though the endings are the same.Indeed Atwoods suggestion to try how and why? provides her story with extra feminist dimension. Notably in the story, Option A continues to be happy from the solution to the end. But some characters in other options are not always happy, though they are happy at the end of the story. It is noteworthy to interpret why and how John

How organizations change toward a high reliability culture evaluate Essay

How organizations change toward a high reliability culture evaluate and discuss - canvas ExampleIn a high reliability organization, there is psychological inertia, thinking inertia and behavioral habits of most employees (Verweij, 2011). Thus, any organizational change has to lease encouraging cultural reliability. The essay tends to study how organizations change toward a high reliability culture, that is, a culture that has systems in place that enables organization to accomplish its goals and stave off catastrophic errors.A high reliability organization is an institution that has succeeded in avoiding catastrophes in an ecosystem where accidents are expected be fuck off of complexity and essay factors. Besides, it refers to the internal efficient charge mechanism and investigation on early warning mechanism of safety (Stacey, 2011). Reliability culture entails the use of behavioral science theory of human beings to plan, organize, distribute, triplet and control their behavio rs to development the safety and reliability of organizations. High reliability organizations mainly focus on risk management that originates from organizational demand on risk mitigation model (Von, 2008). The risk reduction model applies to organizations in which certain changes can create catastrophes. The risk mitigation model masters the complexity and risk factors in organizations effectively. For instance, the model applies to aviation and aerospace fields, aircraft control system, nuclear power plant, medical industry and fire protection sector. In an analysis of high-risk organizations, the continuous increase of complexity of operation system and interdependence among each part increases (Johnson, Scholes & Whittington, 2011). Organizations with high risk and complexity, the failure of a system would influence the functions of other sections that may cause further catastrophes. Under such background, it is necessary to study how to mitigate risk in high reliability organ izations. Therefore, organizations often change

Evaluaring Strategies Essay Example for Free

Evaluaring Strategies EssayThe final dissolving agents of any corporation locoweed be mensurable in financial terms (profit, revenue growth, etc.) The authors of the HBR article on the use of a balanced bill of fargon recommend that the scorecard be used addendum these traditional financial metrics with performance measurement criteria relating to the perspectives of customers, internal business processes and eruditeness and growth (Kaplan Norton, 1996).Since it is not possible to execute what you great dealnot measure, the balanced scorecard is a strategic management system that champions to measure and focus a companys schema. The scorecard was devised to complement financial measures. It enables companies to track financial results while, at the same time, monitor go up of the mechanisms that are needed future growth.The problem with traditional management systems is that there are not able to touch base a companys long-term strategy with its short-term actions. So while financial measures are essential on the short-term, with the scorecard approach, they do not become the sole indicators of a companys progress.The scorecard introduces four new management processes that provide an avenue for the linkage between long-term strategic objectives and short-term actions. These areTranslating the visionCommunicating and linkingBusiness homework andFeedback and learningTranslating the visionThis process helps managers translate the systems vision statements and strategy statements into an integrated set of objectives and measures that illustrate what drives long-term success. This process is necessary because some of the generalized statements of blueprint (like best in class, empowered organization) defined by top management may not mean much in an available sense to those tactical managers and operatives who need to carry out the mission in their day-to-day activities.Communicating and linkingThis process each(prenominal)ows managers communicat e their strategy upwards (to their superiors) and downwards (to their reports/subordinates) link this strategy to departmental and individual objectives. Since departments are typically evaluated by their financial performance, and individual incentives are tied to short-term financial goals, this process ensures that all levels of the organization understand the long-term strategy and aligns both departmental and individual objectives with it.Business planningBusiness planning is that process which ensures that business and financial plans of the organization are integrated. The prevalent occurrence of change programs in todays organization makes it difficult for managers to integrate these initiatives with the strategic goal. However, when the scorecard approach is applied towards allocating resources and setting priorities for confluence the change initiatives, such programs can be coordinated in such a way that they line up with the overall strategic goal.Feedback and learningTh e authors invite that this process gives companies the capacity for strategic learning. The scorecard enables companies to modify strategies to reflect real-time learning by evaluating strategy in the light of recent performance.By translating the vision, executives can come to such consensus as to what services and products will best stimulate growth or what customer segments to place emphasis on. The specifics of this translation will help the employees realize the vision. Applying the process of communicating and linking may result in managers understanding how business re-engineering initiatives may lead to fulfilling the goal of on-time delivery to clients. Business planning processes can include the integration of the results of budget sessions with those of strategic planning sessions and ensuring that the budget supports the strategy.Feedback and learning processes give the organization the ability to produce Chris Argylls concept of double-loop learning. The concept sugges ts that cause-and-effect relationships can be identified when linkages are measured based on results from in the first 3 processes (Translating the vision, Communicating and linking, Business planning). Such relationships could result in findings such as that there are correlations between employees morale and customer satisfaction.In summary, it is important to control the short-term measures of financial performance of a company as well as longer-term parameters as learning and growth, internal business processes, and customer satisfaction for proper alignment between the overall strategy of the organization with its subsequent realization. Where such introspection is actively pursued by the organization and it results in projects like business re-engineering, marketing strategies and increased customer satisfaction, all in alignment with the organizational strategy, the end-result will cause a synergy that leads to improved financial results.REFERENCEKaplan, R. S., Norton, D. P., (1996). Using the Balanced Scorecard as a Strategic Management System. Harvard Business Review, 74(1).

Overview of Conflicts of Interest Essay Example for Free

Overview of Conflicts of Interest EssayConfidentiality is also something that some volunteers of the Remedios support installation should also realise. Although many officers of this NGO advocate confidentiality, many of its volunteers could salve breach this ethical code, thus further isolating prospective clients. It is a well-known fact that the life of the first Filipino AIDS victim was do into a commercial movie, and had attracted thousands of audience making it seem like a carnival show.This is precisely the kind of stigma that HIV/AIDS victims is afraid of, and something that the Remedios AIDS Foundation and many other NGOs dealing with this disease is trying to work out. The Remedios AIDS Foundation is also faced with the dilemma on how to conduct look without exposing the patients to various risks (CIOMS 1993). As an NGO that do social and medical research, it has to ensure that HIV/AIDS patients must(prenominal) also benefit from its studies. It is unethical to expose subjects to the risks of act in a research study unless the design is sufficiently rigorous that the results forget be valid and generalizable (U.S. National Commission for the Protection of the Human Subjects of biomedical and Behavioral Research). Another critical ethical affection that must be dealt with accordingly by the Remedios AIDS Foundation is how to maintain objectivity in motion of emotional patients. Culturally speaking, the Filipino people tend to be emphatic of each others plights, thus it is not an isolated case to check volunteers who are emotionally affected by the conditions of HIV/AIDS patients. This eventually leads them to quit from their volunteer work and/or to be personally involved in their patients cases, which often clouds their critical judgment.Applications The best thing to do here is to implement an intensive and extensive information campaign on AIDS and the advantages of belonging to a core group that can emotionally and physically as sist the AIDS victims. Moreover, volunteers of the Remedios AIDS Foundation should also undergo intensive training and education on how to properly deal with HIV/AIDS patients. It must be noted that these patients are already wrapped in insecurity and treating them with slight uncertainty will yet decrease their self-confidence.To meet the ethical obligations for research, on the other hand, this NGO must conduct studies whose sample sizes must be adequate. Suitable study endpoints must also be selected. It must also ensure that clinical trials must undergo preliminary laboratory and animal research. It must always take into consideration that research with human participants raises ethical concerns because people accept risks and inconvenience to advance scientific knowledge and to benefit others (Lo 2000). Social researchers of this NGO must also learn how to use language that is not offensive to study participants.Conclusion As one of the NGOs at the forefront of combating HIV/A IDS in the Philippines, the Remedios AIDS Foundation is faced with many ethical dilemmas that it is trying to overcome one by one. Although it is difficult to do in this largely Catholic country where promiscuity is universe strongly detested and HIV/AIDS is being associated with promiscuity, it continues to embark on a rigorous warfare against HIV/AIDS in the country. Everything is an uphill difference of opinion because social norms and religiosity keep HIV/AIDS patients from coming forward in the open to seek for help.The NGO is looking for ways and means to cipher this problem without losing its focus. As the officers and volunteers of the Remedios AIDS Foundation are also mostly Catholics, they also have to be able to move around their religious beliefs in order to stop being discriminatory to HIV/AIDS patients. They also have to ensure that their researchers are well-trained to avoid offending study participants and this can only be done by conducting intensive trainings. L astly, objectivity should also be encouraged to avoid personal involvement in patients predicament.This last ethical disregard should be encouraged to avoid conflict of interest on the part of the NGO. In the end, the officers and volunteers of this NGO are cognizant of the fact that unless these ethical concerns are addressed, their iron against HIV/AIDS will never be successful.References Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS). (1993) International Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects. Geneva. de Bruyn, T. (1998) HIV/AIDS and diversity A Discussion Paper. Montreal Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network Canadian AIDS Society. Lo B.(2000) Overview of Conflicts of Interest. In Resolving Ethical Dilemmas A Guide for Clinicians. second ed. Philadelphia Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Reproductive Health Outlook. (1997) HIV/AIDS Key Issues. Retrieved May 30, 2006 from http//www. rho. org/html/hiv_aids_keyissues. html U. S. National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. (1978) The Belmont penning Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research. Washington, D. C. Dept. of Health, Education and Welfare. The Offical Website of the Remedios AIDS Foundation. (1991) http//www.remedios.com.ph/

Absorbance of light by a transition metal complex investigation Essay Example for Free

Absorbance of light by a passage admixture complex investigation EssayIntroductionCommonly known as transition metals, d block elements have partially filled d sublevels in one or more of their oxidation states. It is in the first haggling of transition elements that the 3d sub-level is incomplete. These d block elements show certain characteristic properties such as multiple oxidation states, ability to systema skeletale complex ions, dreary compounds and good catalytic properties. In terms of variable oxidation states, d block elements unremarkably have a +2 oxidation number which corresponds to the deviation of the two 4s electrons (as it is easier to lose the 4s electrons than the 3d electrons). Transition metals can have variable oxidation states because the ionization energies allow for up to two 3d electrons to be lost.Because transition metals are relatively small in size, the transition metal ions attract species that are rich in electrons ligands (neutral molec ules or negative ions that contain non-bonding pair of electrons which when covalently bonded with and form complex ions. Because the d orbitals usually split up into two groups (high and low) in transition metal complex ions, the energy requi bolshy to promote a d electron into the higher split level corresponds with a particular wavelength in the visible region, which is absorbed when light passes through the complex ion. Transition metal usually consequently exhibits the remaining energy/light the complementary colour.In this investigation, the different absorbance of these coloured solutions go away be canvassd by varying the number of moles of the transition metal in the solution. According to the Beer-Lambert law, absorbance is directly proportional to the compactness and that there is a logarithmic dependence between the absorbance and the concentration of the substance, this descent is as shown in realize 1 and 2.In the graph representation of the Beer-Lambert law, t he logarithmic relationship can evidently be seen as the concentration of the solution increases, the calibration curve flexs little linear and more flat. This is probably due to the saturation of colour of the solution. In leaveition, the graph also indicates that the relationship starts at the origin and is generally linear at lower concentrations.In this investigation, Nickel (II) Sulphate willing be used as the transition metal and H2O will be used as the ligand. The complex ion formed will therefore be a hexaaquanickel(II) complex ion, Ni (H2O) 6 2+. It has a coordination number of 6 and is of an octahedral shape. (Microsoft Encarta, 2007)AimTo investigate how the concentration of hexaaquanickel(II) ions (Ni (H2O) 6 2+) in solution affects the absorbance of red light (660nm) by measuring it with a colorimeter.HypothesisAs the concentration of hexaaquanickel(II) ions increases, the absorbance of red light1 will also increase. This is so because as stated in the Beer-Lamber t law, the absorbance of light is directly proportional to the concentration. Furthermore, as the concentration increases, there are more molecules of the complex ions at bottom the solution to interact with the light that is being transmitted hence an increased absorbance at higher concentrations. In addition, despite the logarithmic relationship, I expect my information to show a linear relationship instead because the number of moles I am measuring red absorbance against is rather low (maximum 0.5 moles), so while it would be insufficient to see the clear logarithmic curve the linear increase in the beginning would still be evident.VariablesIndependent Concentration of hexaaquanickel(II) ions (0.0313mol, 0.0625mol, 0.125mol, 0.250mol, 0.500mol)Dependent Absorbency of red light (660nm)Controlled Volume of solution (25cm per different mol solution)EquipmentMethod1) amount 6.57g of nickel sulphate with an electronic balance and place in a 250cm beaker2) Measure 50cm of deioni sed water with 50cm measuring cylinder and pour into the 250cm beaker with the nickel sulphate to take in a 0.5mol nickel sulphate solution3) Mix the solution thoroughly with a glass stirring rod, make sure the solution is transparent (not murky) and no remnants of the nickel sulphate should be present in the solution4) Label the v 50cm volumetric flasks 0.03125mol, 0.0625mol, 0.125mol, 0.25mol and 0.5mol5) Pipette 25cm of the previously made nickel sulphate solution from the 250cm beaker and place into volumetric flask labeled 0.5mol6) Pipette another 25cm from the beaker and place into volumetric flask labeled 0.25mol7) Measure and pipette 25cm of deionised water and add into 0.25mol8) Mix thoroughly9) Measure and pipette 25cm from 0.25mol and add into 0.125mol10) Repeat steps 7 to 8 but add the water into 0.125mol11) Measure and pipette 25cm from 0.125mol and add into 0.0625mol12) Repeat step 10 but add into the water 0.0625mol13) Measure and pipette 25cm from 0.0625mol and ad d into 0.0313 mol14) Repeat step 10 but add into the water0.0313mol15) Connect the PASPORT colorimeter to the computer16) Select to measure red (660nm) absorbance17) After all quin solutions have been made, label five cuvettes the similar labels as the volumetric flasks (place on lid, careful not to have any of the label on the cuvette itself)18) Fill all(prenominal) labeled cuvette with its corresponding volumetric flask label with a dropper19) Fill the remaining unlabeled cuvette with water20) Place the cuvette with water into the colorimeter and extinguish green button to calibrate, do not do anything until the green light switches off by itself21) Place the cuvette labeled 0.03125mol into the colorimeter press start and come apart after getting a constant reading22) Record the data23) Repeat steps 21-22 until all labeled cuvettes have been measured for red absorbance info TableConcentration / mol dm-Red light (660nm) absorbanceUncertaintiesUncertainties (cm3)Measuring cyli nder1.0cmBulb pipette0.06 cmElectronic weigh0.01gConcentration (mol/dm) doubtGraphsDiscussion and ConclusionIt can be seen from the graph that there is a linear relationship between the amount of red light absorbed and the concentration of hexaaquanickel(II) ions. It can also be deduced that as the concentration increases, the red light absorption increases at twice the rate. However, it is interesting to note that the line of best jibe does not start at the origin, but at (0, 0.0623) as the equation derived from the line of best fit states, suggesting that despite showing a clear linear trend, my data is precise but not accurate. This is possibly due to equipment imperfection, for example the cuvette, which will be discussed in the evaluation.However, it is still evident that, as stated in my hypothesis, as the concentration increases, the chances of light interacting with the complex ion molecules also increase, hence yielding a higher light (red, in this case) absorption. While it is true that the Beer-Lambert law states the relationship between concentration of a substance and its absorbency has a logarithmic relationship, my data is linear because the concentrations of my tested solutions were rather low, so if I were to continue my experiment and create more concentrated nickel sulphate solutions, I would expect to see the curve become non-linear as concentration increases because the solution will eventually become saturated. Therefore, in conclusion, my hypothesis corresponds with the results the relationship between red absorbance and concentration of hexaaquanickel(II) ions is quite clear as the concentration increases, the red absorbance also increases.EvaluationOne prospect I can change my method is using the same cuvette and in the same direction each time for measuring all the different solutions, as it has been noted that the cuvettes we have been currently using are not perfectly constructed and may differ with the distance as light passes through. This will help improve the accuracy of the results and an important aspect to take into consideration, because also stated in the Beer-Lambert law, the length in which the light passes through also makes a difference in the absorption of light (the longer the container is, the more chances of light interacting with the molecules of the solution).Another aspect was in the preparing the different solutions, because I had diluted each solution using the same solutions from before, so the uncertainty of each would naturally continuously build up (final uncertainty of 4.31%) for example, if I had accidentally created a 0.052 mol nickel sulphate solution, then the next solution I diluted from that solution would not be 0.025 mol as intended. One way to see through this limitation is to perchance prepare each solution separately to avoid a build up of uncertainties.In addition, another way to make this investigation more definitive and detailed could be increasing the different amounts of concentration of the nickel sulphate solution, as I only had 5 different concentrations.BibliographyClark, J. (2007). The Beer-Lambert law. In Absorption spectra. Retrieved January 15, 2008, fromhttp//www.chemguide.co.uk/ summary/uvvisible/beerlambert.htmlMicrosoft(r) Encarta(r) Online Encyclopedia. (2007). Complex. Retrieved January 17, 2008, fromhttp//au.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_781538720/Complex.htmlNeuss, G. (2007). Determining the concentration of an element. In Chemistry course companion (p.276). Oxford University Press.1 Because nickel sulphate solution is green in colour, red light will be used to measure the absorbency of the solution as it is the complementary colour.

Assignment on Human Trafficking and Prostitution

Assignment on Human Trafficking and whoredomHuman trafficking and harlotry both argon not new issues to get noticed. In s surfaceh Asian countries, merciful trafficking and whoredom atomic number 18 getting out of focus as if there is no right called human right. Bangladesh is one of the south asian countries where human rights are not developed yet.Human trafficking, especially in children and women, has been increasing in Bangladesh. This culpable jalopyiness is linked with the globalization and this business is growing across the world. Human trafficking, in fact, is a trade in human flesh, particularly when girls fall pit to it.1After the trafficking part, prostitution comes in second. virtually of the time it has been seen that trafficked women or children fixs as prostitution in former(a) countries. Some everywhere 25,000 women and children are trafficked out of the Bangladesh to other countries every year, which is very alarming for Bangladesh.2In terms for human traf ficking and prostitution women and children are the most common victims than men. Bangladesh is called a source country as men, women and children from poorer and vulnerable families are collected and smuggled out of India, Pakistan, UAE, Europe, America etc.3As a developing country Bangladesh is not aware of the Human mightily (trafficking or prostitution) which is mandatory for a civilized nation. Bangladeshi government is not taking effective steps to get rid of human trafficking and prostitution problems. In Bangladesh mainly poor great deal are getting involved into that problem. Lack of proper monitoring, controlling and effective implementation of police force against human trafficking and prostitution are the root causes of that problem. There are enough laws in Bangladesh on human rights but most of them are inactive that is why criminals are getting chances to do more(prenominal) crime. Because of poor execution of laws most the victims are not getting right justice. If Bangladesh government recognises efficient steps to minimize that problem then the human rights will be survived otherwise proper civilization canful not be made for Bangladeshi people.HUMAN TRAFFICKING AND PROSTITUTION IN BANGLADESHHuman trafficking involves transporting people away from the communities in which they live by the threat or use of violence, deception or coercion so that they can be exploited as forced or enslaved sounders for sex or labor. When children are trafficked, no violence, deception or coercion needs to be involved, it is merely the act of transporting them into exploitative work constitutes trafficking.4The Constitution states that each individual is entitled to choose her own profession/occupation or trade. Taking advantage of the picture of the poverty-stricken or opportunity seeking people, unscrupulous someones (flesh traders) force, entice, lure or sell minors and other gullible persons into prostitution. They make them execute affidavits in f ront of false magist rank/impersonators stating that they nurse at rest(p) into prostitution of their own volition and they are over 18 years old.Most reports emphasize that, in recent years, there has been a significant growing in the number of children and women being trafficked from Bangladesh into India and other countries. The causes of trafficking and the factors leading to this apparent increases in recent years are multiple and complicated. These factors are embedded within the socioeconomic structure of the country and require an in-depth analysis. According to the trafficking record it has been seen that there are some group which are enough victims, those groups can be categorized as poor women and children, abandoned women, widows and separated women, girls of broken families, migrants, ethnic minorities.5Those trafficked victims are used for forced labor (domestic work, farm work, and factory work), forced sexual service (prostitution, barmaids, work in sex tourism industry and pornography), begging, smuggling, organ sale, camel jockeying.In Bangladesh there are some approaches of human trafficking some of those are selling a person by family members, neighbor, and friends, luring out a person with a promise of job or marriage, kidnapping a person. Most of the cases women and children are chiefly recruited from rural areas or small towns. In the transshipment process they are handed over and taken over by numerous procurers, brokers and intermediaries, usually not known to authorities as ones with criminal. Traffickers usually take help of local people and villagers to identify poor families. Traffickers operate in an internal network having agents make contracts with unsuspecting women and children around bus and train stations.Prostitution is legal in Bangladesh but according to our culture and community system that does not go with Bangladesh. According to the law Female prostitution with minimum age 18 is legal. Male prostitution is ille gal. Female prostitution is legal, Male prostitution is illegal, although local NGOs claimed it is common in the major cities. The authorities generally ignored the minimum age of 18, often circumvented by false statements of age, for legal female prostitution. The government rarely prosecuted procurers of minors, and large numbers of underage girls in prostitution worked in brothels. Local NGOs estimated the total number of female prostitutes was as galore(postnominal) as 100,000. The UN Childrens Fund (UNICEF) estimated in 2004 that there were10,000 underage girls used in technical sexual exploitation in the country, but other estimates placed the figure as high as 29,000. Trafficking of women internally and internationally remained a problem 6. As many as 10,000 children were used in brothels for commercial sexual exploitation, and procurers of minors were rarely prosecuted. Government depravation greatly facilitated the process of trafficking. Police and local government offic ials often ignored trafficking in women and children for commercial sexual exploitation and were easily bribed by brothel owners and pimps.Trafficking and Prostitutions Routes in Bangladesh6 US Department of State role of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, 2008 Human Rights Report Bangladesh, 7 Rahman Mahfuzur , Human Trafficking Children and Women are the worst victims. (Bangladesh News Network, 2004). P. 25Bangladesh and India have 4,222 km of common borders stretching over 28 districts of Bangladesh. According to sources, Brahmanbaria, Chittagong, Chuadanga, Comilla, Coxs Bazar, Dinajpur, Jessore, Jhenaidah, Joypurhat, Jushtia, Lalmonirhat, Meherpur, Chapainawabganj, Nilpahar, Panchagarh, Rajshahi and Satkhira are the districts through which children and women are frequently smuggled out of the country. Now this trafficking and prostitution are not included in just India, now speeded in other countries as Nepal, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, China, Myanmar, Thailand, Japan 7.Purposes of Human Trafficking and Prostitution in BangladeshBangladesh is not a developed country so many sufferings are here for people. Poor people suffer a lot as food problem, health problem, sanitation, cloth problem, education problem and some other sufferings, there is no end. From these problems those people get involved in unethical works. Some part of the people take chances of suffered people and use them for trafficking or protection. So the number of trafficked and prostitute are increasing in Bangladesh day by day. Poverty is certainly driving rural young women to cities. They take job in the garment factories or work as housemaids or in any other sectors. Their employers sexually abuse and harass them and finally drive them thus loosing faithfulness to the profession of prostitution. Prostitution is not a new phenomenon in Bangladesh. Religion although does not permit prostitution, its law does not prevent a woman from becoming a prostitute if she likes to be. This oldest insti tution having enrooted deep in the society can not be abolished overnight. None can, however, define human prostitution simply as the use of sexual responses for an ulterior purpose. This would include a great portion of all friendly behavior, especially that of women. It would include marriage, for example, wherein women trade their sexual favors for an economic and social status supplied by men. Being repressed under growing economic crises, women and minor girls are forced to engage in prostitution for survival. More and more children are joining this profession. While most of them initiate this profession under the repression of economic hardship they are exposed to several vulnerabilities. They are forced to tract their hard-earned money with a third party. Guardian such as elder sisters, brothers, parents are accepting this profession. It is difficult to have the statistics of floating and hotel sex workers since they neither have any particular locations nor do they maintai n any registration. It is important to ensure proper implementation of the laws regarding the rights of the sex workers and to ensure their total liberty so that they can take as many clients as their bodies permit. However, Hotel sex working is an emerging dynamics of sex working in Bangladesh in terms of the rate and volumes with the declining expressive style of brothel sex with the subsequent eviction of the oldest and biggest brothels in Bangladesh.Law against Human Trafficking and ProstitutionLaws and rules are available in Bangladesh but problem is the execution of law is the main problem. We do not practice what is according to the law and rules. The power of law is bit low here that is why the crime and corruption rates are increasing in Bangladesh day by day. In the case of trafficker and business of prostitution, laws are not becoming very effective against that. to a lower place Bangladeshs Suppression of Violence Against Women and Children act (2000) trafficking of wom en and children is illegal. Harsh penalties are prescribed for traffickers. However, this law is frequently not implemented and fails to safeguard the rights of people who have been trafficked.6Most of the trafficked women in Bangladesh end up as young prostitutes. Young girls from poor families, lures by offers of jobs, marriage, invariably land into brothels on both sides of the border. According to the suppression of immoral Trafficking Act 1933, provides for punishment for forcing a girl into prostitution. In Section 11 of the Act provides a penalty of maximum three years of imprisonment or fine or both9.RECOMMENDATION Human Trafficking and Prostitution is not a local problem but global problem. Bangladesh government is aware of the problem of trafficking and has taken up measures to prevent it. One such measure is the strengthening of border posts. However, the sheer length of Bangladeshs border with India and Burma makes it impossible to prevent people crossing the borders. a nother(prenominal) measure is the strengthening of legislation and increasing punishments for trafficking. There are some steps which can help to minimize the social problem of Human trafficking and Prostitution which are mentioned belowStrengthening laws against unethical works (trafficking, smuggling etc.)Increasing Government monitoring system and controlling system.Permitting more NGOs and social agents to increase ken (A uniform plan of action on the issue of trafficking of women and children involving the governments and NGOs of the region needs to be developed, so that a coordinated approach toward the conviction of traffickers is possible)Minimizing the rate of corruption and fulfilling the basic rights of human being.Increasing media exposure and social awareness activities.(for example medias reporting and social activities on creation of awareness have been effective in making people aware of the deceptive mechanisms adopted by the agents of trafficking.)Government can t ake measures by which people have complete control over food and livelihood.Increasing the Awareness-raising Program, Monitoring and Support Services to victims.CONCLUSION The trafficking issue is closely linked with the human rights issue with important ramifications in the area of health, law-enforcing, and socioeconomic development in general. Poverty, attitudes toward women and deeply-entrenched gender discrimination, unemployment, cultural norms about marriage, well-organized national and international networks of traffickers, and weak law-enforcing agencies are few critical factors relating to trafficking of women and children in Bangladesh. This criminal activity cannot be addressed through tougher laws alone. Several legislations, including the Women and Children Repression Prevention Act, 2000, already provide penalties for violence against women and children, including trafficking and kidnapping. Yet, implementation of these legislations remains a formidable challenge. In Bangladesh social and economic vulnerability of women and children have left them with only a few options to eke out a livelihood. For that reason crimes are increasing as well as Environmental degradation, ecological erosion all these systems further accelerate the process. So the traffickers are taking advantages of that situation also prostitution business is getting higher. The government must take effective measures to defeat the rising problem of human trafficking and prostitution.

Spoken language vs written language

Spoken language vs written languageThes is statementIt is more difficult to understand the verbalise language than the written language for some reasons.Annotated BibliographyRidgway, T. (2000). Listening strategies- I beg your pardon? ELT Journal Volume 54/2Oxford Oxford University PressIn the essay, Tony Ridgway writes around the basic differences between the spoken and the written language, furthermore, he clarifies the main disparities between spoken and written texts. In the centre of his work, he examines wheter the the skills and strategies which people use during education could be transported into listening. In a separate paragraph, he explains what startegy means exactly, because according to him, there is confusion with it. Ridgway deals with the question of conscious listening and direct listening strategy, because in his view, it is impossible to do it directly. Afterwards, he tells his opinion about the importance of practising. At last, he explains the authentic tex ts, which means that realistic situations should appear in listening tasks. At the end, Ridgway summarises the topic of the essay in the practical consequences.Field, J. (2000). Not waving but drowning a reply to Tony Ridgway ELT Journal Volume 54/2Oxford Oxford University PressIn his essay, John Field deals with the same topic like Tony Ridgway, but he has a different opinion, so this is a critical reflection. There are ideas of Ridgway in which Field agrees with him, but not so many. He rather lists the assuptions of Ridgway, for example equality of texts, the question of transferring skills from the first language into the second, and the problem with simplified texts. Furthermore, he introduces both types of students the risk-taker and the risk-avoider. He also expresses dissatisfaction about some definitions of Ridgway, like strategy, strategy types and skills. Afterwards, he summarises Ridgways main arguments and writes his own opinion about them. At the end of the essay, he explains Ridgways beginning and tells, why he cannot agree with him.The National Capital Language Resource Center. (2003, 2004) Strategies for Developing Listening Skills. Teaching Listening. Washington, DCRetrieved from http//www.nclrc.org/essentials/listening/stratlisten.htmThe target of this article is to garter students developing their listening strategies. According to the writer, listening is a really important part of language learning, but it needs to improve it. Students can easily turn over better results with the following strategies top-down, which means a listener based strategy, when students are familiar with the background of the text, and bottom-up, which means a text based strategy, when students listening for proper(postnominal) details and word-order patterns. The writer also mentions a metacognitive strategy, which means the preparation for the listening method and evaluate it. Afterwards, four basis steps are given to realize the aim listening to meaning. These steps include figuration the purpose, selection the relevant pieces, selection an appropiate strategy and check of comprehension.